The NO-UK Cable System is an open cable system providing a total of eight dark fibre pairs and up to 216 Tbps system capacity, connecting Stavanger in Norway and Newcastle in the United Kingdom (UK). 

The NO-UK cable is developed by NO-UK Com, the consortium comprising Altibox Carrier as the operator, Haugaland Kraft, BKK, Ryfylke IKS, Green Mountain, Polysys and Hatteland Group. Through Altibox Carrier, the consortium offers dark fiber or capacity backhaul routes to any major PoP in the Nordics or UK. 

The NO-UK cable system is supplied by Xtera, achieved provisional acceptance in December 2021.

The NO-UK cable system has achieved a record-breaking 800Gbps line rate using Ciena’s GeoMesh Extreme, powered by WaveLogic 5 Extreme coherent optical technology. 

The NO-UK is part of a larger European fibre network established by Altibox Carrier, connecting Norway to important digital hubs such as London, Brussels, Amsterdam and Hamburg. 

Altibox Carrier's fiber network across Europe (Source: Altibox Carrier)

The Skagen Fiber West is a 170km and repeaterless submarine cable connecting Norway (Larvik) and Denmark (Hirtshals), ready for service on November 4^th, 2020.

The Skagen Fiber cable system consists of 48 fiber pairs, provides over 1920 Tbps of system capacity and a designed round-trip delay (RTD) of approximately 1.7 ms between the Larvik cable landing stations in Norway and Hirtshals cable landing station in Denmark.

The Skagen Fiber cable system is owned by Lyse/Altibox (100%).

In December 2019, Altibox acquired 100% of shares in Skagenfiber AS and the Skagen Fiber cable system between Norway and Denmark. Combined the Skagen Fiber cable system and the NO-UK cable system, Altibox Carrier is establishing a large fiber network across Europe, EUROCONNECT-1.

On the Norwegian side, the cable meets up with Altibox' extensive national fibre network allowing for low latency connectivity to any of the major data centre locations, such as Stavanger, Rjukan and Oslo.

In Denmark, the cable is extended by Altibox Carrier's new international network achieving POP to POP connectivity between major hubs.

The Skagen Fiber cable provides a low-latency alternative from Oslo to major European interconnection points such as Esbjerg, Hamburg, Amsterdam and London, creating new diversity from Sweden where most of the traffic to and from Norway transits.

The COBRA Fiber Optic Cable is a 325km dark fiber G.654.D low loss cable between Eemshaven in the Netherlands and Endrup (Esbjerg) in Denmark via the German sector of the North Sea.

The COBRA Fiber Optic Cable can be connected to a subsea cable to the UK in Esbjerg, and a subsea cable to Norway in Bulbjerg.

The COBRA Fiber Optic Cable has been laid alongside the COBRAcable HVDC submarine electricity interconnector.

The COBRA Fiber Optic Cable has primarily been installed to control the HVDC electricity interconnector,  the remaining capacity is used for commercial purposes.

Both the COBRA Fiber Optic Cable and the COBRAcable HVDC submarine cable electricity interconnector are owned by TenneT TSO and Energinet. The Dutch company Relined Fiber Network is responsible for leasing the dark fiber capacity on the COBRA Fiber Optic Cable.

The COBRA cable forms a completely redundant and low latency route to Denmark. Running over the COBRA cable, the latency from Copenhagen to Amsterdam is less than 9ms (leading latency has been 11.5 ms), and latency from Copenhagen to London is 13.8 ms (leading latency has been 16.7 ms).

About the COBRAcable

The COBRAcable has been designed to facilitate the direct transport of wind energy generated at offshore wind farms, facilitating the transport of renewable energy and enhancing the security of supply.

COBRAcable is a 325km HVDC submarine cable electricity interconnector between Eemshaven in the Netherlands and Endrup in Denmark via the German sector of the North Sea.The COBRAcable submarine cable directly interconnects the high-voltage grids of the Netherland and Denmark. The COBRAcable has a capacity of 700 MW and has been commissioned since 2019.

The Celtic Norse Cable system is the first submarine fiber optic cable between Norway and Ireland, with further connectivity to the United States, enabling Norway to position itself as a prime entrant into the hyperscale and enterprise data center market.

The Celtic Norse cable route is approx. 2000km, lands at 

• Oysanden, in Melhus municipality in Norway, just south of the city of Trondheim, onwards terrestrial connections going south to Oslo-and mainland Europe, as well as spur cables linking Northern Norway, and
• Killala Bay, County Mayo in Ireland, where the trans-Atlantic AEC-1 cable lands.

The Celtic Norse Consortium comprises Celtic Norse AS, Vodafone Iceland and Aqua Comms.

Aqua Comms is the operations partner for Celtic Norse Cable system, as the landing party in Ireland and providing system NOC services to the consortium.

The Celtic Norse cable system is planned to be ready for service (RFS) in 2021.

North Sea Connect (NSC) is subsea cable to connect Newcastle in the UK and Denmark, providing diversity between the UK and Northern Europe avoiding London.

North Sea Connect (NSC) is part of the Havhingsten cable system, jointly built and owned by Aqua Comms, Bulk Fiber Networks and Meta (Facebook).  The Havhingsten cable systemcompriese three segments, an unrepeatered subsea segment in the Irish Sea (CC-2), a repeatered segment in the North Sea (NSC)  and a terrestrial segment linking CC2 and NSC in the UK. 

The NSC cable system connects AEC System directly into Europe using the existing CeltixConnect-1 Irish Sea crossing as well as the CeltixConnect-2  crossing the Irish Sea.

The North Sea Connect cable system is owned and operated by Aqua Comms.

The North Sea Connect cable system is supplied by Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN), with its innovative and the world’s first aluminum conductor subsea cable.

The North Sea Connect cable system was ready for service in March 2022.

The CeltixConnect-2 (CC-2) is a repeaterless submarine cable connecting Dublin and Blackpool via the Irish Sea, with Branching Units to the Isle of Man. being part of the Havhingsten cable system.

The CeltixConnect-2 (CC-2) connects with the existing CeltixConnect-1 and the North Wales Connect to form a fully diverse and reliable circuit between Dublin and Blackpool, with connectivity to New York and London through the AEConnect network.

The CeltixConnect-2 (CC-2) is part of Aqua Comms' North Atlantic Loop network. CeltixConnect-2 (CC-2) and CeltixConnect-1 (CC-1) form a fully diverse ring between Dublin and Blackpool.

The CeltixConnect-2 (CC-2) cable system was ready for service in March 2022.

CeltixConnect-1 (CC-1) is a 131km long submarine cable system with 72 fibre pairs between Ireland and the U.K. 

CeltixConnect-1 (CC-1) provides the shortest, most secure crossing of the Irish Sea from Dublin to Anglesey in the north-west coast of Wales.

CeltixConnect-1 (CC-1) was ready for service in 2012 and is a part of Aqua Comms'North Atlantic Loop network.

CeltixConnect-1 (CC-1) and CeltixConnect-2 (CC-2) form a fully diverse ring between Dublin and Blackpool.

C-Lion1 submarine cable, also known as Sea Lion,  is a 4-fiber-pair and 1175km submarine cable from Helsinki in Finland to Rostock in Germany under the Baltic Sea, being the first direct submarine cable link between the Nordic region and continental Europe.

C-Lion1 (Sea Lion) provides a direct, low latency and cyber secure Internet backbone connection between Finland and Germany, Before the completion of C-Lion1, all data transmission to Finland has taken place via Denmark and Sweden.

Cinia Group leads the Sea Lion initiative as the developer and builder of the submarine cable, and later as an open access network operator. The Finnish Government is an enabler and investor of the initiative together with institutional investors OP-Pohjola and Ilmarinen. Investments with equity and debt financing will total at approximately 100 million Euros. The sea cable initiative is designed to meet the commercial terms and moderate profitability as long term infrastructure investment, bringing also significant direct and indirect economic benefits such as decisions by international data center operators and data intensive organizations to locate their operations in Finland.

The Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communications finalized the feasibility study on the C-Lion1 (Sea Lion) undersea cable project in June 2012. In August 2015, the Finnish government approved the construction of the C-Lion1 cable system. And Sea Lion cable project was completed in early 2016.

The C-Lion1 cable project is  supplied by ASN, with a total cost of approximately Euro 100 million.

CrossChannel Fibre is a next-generation 550km subsea cable (with a 149km submarine segment) and the first fibre-optic subsea cable to be built across the English Channel in nearly twenty years.

CrossChannel Fibre directly connects Equinix LD4 in Slough, to Interxion PAR3 and Equinix PA7 in Paris with extensions to various points-of-presence in both cities.

CrossChannel Fibre is a high-fibre-count and non-repeatered subsea system, contains 96 fibre pairs, and is capable of supporting over 2,400Tbps of capacity.

CrossChannel Fibre is designed to support the increase in bandwidth requirements from telecoms, enterprises, content providers, as well as financial, gaming, and media companies that require high capacity, low latency connectivity.

CrossChannel Fibre is owned and operated by Crosslake Fibre, and has been ready for service as of December 7, 2021.

The Black Sea Fibre Optic System (KAFOS) is a 504km subsea cable connecting Istanbul, Turkey with Bucharest, Romania.

The KAFOS cable passes through Bulgaria and under the Black Sea, from Istanbul to Bucharest.

The KAFOS cable system has a design capacity of 8Tbps.

The KAFOS cable system was ready for service in January 2021.

HAVSIL is a repeaterless subsea cable connecting Norway to continental Europe, with 120km in length and 96 fiber pairs.

HAVSIL is the first subsea cable project fully built, operated and financed by Bulk Fiber Networks, partnered with Fugro for marine survey, NSW (part of Prysmian Group) as cable manufacturer, and Cecon for the installation and marine operations.

The HAVSIL cable between Norway and Denmark spans Skagerrak, the strait separating the two nations, with 96 fiber pairs fully buried on the seabed for protection and reliability. HAVSIL significantly improves connectivity, capacity and route diversity between Norway and continental Europe.

HAVSIL delivers a low latency, high capacity, express route between Bulk’s data center campuses N01 in Kristiansand and DK01 in Esbjerg. 

Bulk offers flexible IRU or long-term lease agreements for single or multiple Dark Fiber pairs on the HAVSIL cable system.

The construction of the HAVSIL cable system (wet segment) was completed in September 2021, while its terrestrial extention was completed in March 2022.

IRIS is a new high-speed undersea cable system, spans approximately 1,700 km in length and connects south west of Iceland to Ballyloughane Strand in Galway, Ireland.

The IRIS cable system is designed with a six-fiber pair trunk for a total system capacity of 132 Tbps, or 22Tbps per fiber pair.

The IRIS cable system is privately owned and operated by Farice. Farice is fully owned by the Icelandic Government and plays an important role in Iceland's infrastructure for the greater public good and economic life in Iceland. In additional to the new IRIS cable system, Farice owns and operates another two submarine systems connecting Iceland to Europe, FARICE-1 and DANICE.

The IRIS cable system is supplied by SubCom.

SubCom announced contract-in-force for the IRIS cable system in April 2021, and achieved provisional acceptance and system handover on November 11th 2022.

The IRIS cable system was ready for service on March 1, 2023.

Albania Crossing is a new direct optical fiber route connecting Athens to Milan, with the combination of subsea and terrestrial segments, ready for service in June 2021.

Albania Crossing crosses Albania, the Italy-Albania submarine cable and the Italian backbone, establishing the shortest path from Athens to Milan with the possibility to reach all the other major hubs in Western Europe through Sparkle’s extensive continental network. The Italy-Albania submarine cable is a 220km and repeaterless submarine cable connecting Bari, Italy and Durres, Albania.

Albania Crossing is built by Telecom italia Sparkle, in cooperation with Albtelecom, the largest telecommunication company in Albania.

Italy-Albania is a 220km and repeaterless submarine cable connecting Bari, Italy and Durres, Albania.

Italy-Albania cable system consists of 3 fiber pairs, originally designed with each one fiber pair for working, protection and backup.

Italy-Albania cable system is jointly owned by Telecom italia Sparkle and Albtelecom, ready for service in 1997.

In June 2021, Telecom italia Sparkle launched new Albania Crossing route, which crosses Albania, the Italy-Albania submarine cable and the Italian backbone, establishing the shortest path from Athens to Milan with the possibility to reach all the other major hubs in Western Europe through Sparkle’s extensive continental network.

The IONIAN submarine cable system is a 320km repeaterless submarine cable connecting Crotone, Italy, with Preveza, Greece.

The IONIAN submarine infrastructure is complemented by two terrestrial fibre rings connecting the system to the cities of Milan and Rome in Italy and Athens and Thessaloniki in Greece.

The IONIAN cable system consists of 24 fiber pairs, capable of 15 Tbps per fiber pair with existing technology, bringing the total potential capacity of the submarine cable to 360 Tbps, delivering wholesale capacity, optical spectrum and dark fibre to telecommunication operators and content providers.

The IONIAN submarine cable system is jointly developed and owned by IslaLink and Elettra, a fully owned subsidiary of Orange.

Headquartered in Madrid, Spain, IslaLink is an independent and neutral telecommunications operator specialized in submarine fiber-optic systems and related activities. IslaLink is now owned by Fiera Infrastructure, a leading investor across all subsectors of the infrastructure asset class. Fiera Infrastructure acquired 100% of IslaLink in July 2018.

The IONIAN cable system was ready for service on April 25, 2023.

The Italy-Greece 1 (IG1) fiber cable is a 169km repeaterless submarine cable connecting Otranto in Italy with Aethos in Greece.

The IG1 fiber cable was ready for service in 1995, owned by WIS Telecom. WIS Telecom was born as M-Link International Gateway of Orascom companies. In November 2016, UNIFI communications., a leading US-based international telecommunications carrier, acquired 100% of WIS Telecom.

The IG-1 fiber cable hasn't been utilized to its full potential, due to its unusual origin alongside an Italy-Greece undersea electrical power cable.

Both the submarine electrical power cable and the IG-1 submarine fiber optic cable illustrated were constructed by Pirelli in 1995 for TERNA, the largest independent electricity transmission system operator in Europe.

As a result, the IG-1 fiber cable does not have the traditional arrangements found with most undersea fiber cable systems, such as cable landing licenses issued by national (telecommunications) authorities, purpose-built beach landing facilities, and purpose-built cable stations.  At the time, TERNA’s primary objective was the construction of the power cable from Italy to Greece, and the installation of the IG-1 fiber cable was secondary.  In other words, the IG-1 fiber cable was built at the same time as the power cable to satisfy TERNA’s long-term internal communications needs for the power cable.

Within the IG-1 cable, TERNA included plenty of extra fiber, which suggests they may have been planning to sell dark fiber to third parties.  As it turned out, TERNA sold the entire IG-1 fiber cable to WIND Italy and retained only a few fibers for their own internal use.  At the time, TERNA made an agreement with WIND Italy to extend some of the fibers to reach WIND’s nearest Point of Presence (PoP) from the TERNA landing site, which primarily serves as TERNA’s electrical substation for the power cable.  Subsequently, WIND Italy transferred the ownership of the IG-1 fiber cable to its subsidiary, WIS Telecom. But WIND did not extend all of the spare IG-1 fibers out from the TERNA power substation, leaving many dark fibers stranded and unused at the landing facilities in Otranto, Italy, and Aethos, Greece.

OTEGlobe Kokkini-Bari submarine cable system connects Bari, Italy and Kokkini, Greece, with two unrepeatered submarine cables between Greece and Italy, of approximately 350 kilometers each, ready for service in June 2004.

OTEGlobe Kokkini-Bari submarine cable system is privately owned by OTEGlobe, form an essential part of OTEGLOBE’s European network.

In the mid of 2022, OTEGlobe selected Infinera's ICE6 800G coherent solution to upgrade its pan-European network. By deploying Infinera's ICE6, OTEGLOBE will double capacity in selected parts of its diverse terrestrial backbone network, deliver up to 16.4Tbps of capacity per fiber pair over the two unrepeatered submarine cables between Greece and Italy, and offer new 400 GbE services to its customers. 

BalaLink is the first independent submarine cable built in Spain, spanning 262km to connect Valencia to Palma de Mallorca.

BalaLink cable system consists of 24 fiber pairs, without repeater, ready for service in October 2001, privately owned by IslaLink.

There are two additional system sections providing diverse and backup routes connecting Valencia to Palma de Mallorca. The first backup route connects Palma de Mallorca to Ibiza (158km) and the second route connects Ibiza to Valencia (154 km).  A fourth section was added into operation in 2013, linking the north of Valencia to Palma de Mallorca (250 km).  

In total, the BalaLink cable system has 824 km of submarine cable complemented by almost 200 km of terrestrial network, which links the customer sites with the 4 technical buildings (cable landing stations) of the system: two in Valencia, one in Ibiza and one in Palma de Mallorca. 

The BalaLink cable system is equipped for a potential capacity of 1 Tbps and can be scaled up to 44 Tbps to meet future demand.

Mallorca Ring

In addition, IslaLink operates the Mallorca Ring, a 300km terrestrial fiber ring connects Palma with Manacor, Muro, Sa Pobla, Inca, Sóller and the technology park Parcbit, delivering a protected point to multipoint service that gives access to the networks of local operators in Mallorca.

CanaLink cable system is a 1835km submarine cable connecting the Canary Islands to Rota, Spain's mainland.

CanaLink cable system is now 100% own by Canarias Submarine Link, SLU (CanaLink), the operation company owned by IT3 (Instituto Tecnológico de Telecomunicaciones de Tenerife, which is majority owned by Cabildo de Tenerife and devoted to the development of ICT sectors in the island). 

CanaLink was a joint venture equilly owned by IT3 and IslaLink, established in 2010 for the construction of the CanaLink cable system, wholly owned by IT3 since 2013.

The CanaLink cable system consists of several sub-systems:

1. Tenerife – Rota, with a branch to Gran Canaria-East
2. Tenerife – La Palma
3. Tenerife – Gran Canaria West
4. Tenerife – Peninsula protection (by means of a third-party cable)
5. Rota – Asilah branch (called Loukkos: a system belonging to Maroc Telecom)

Furthermore, the system incorporates several terrestrial transmission networks:

• In the peninsula, the network connects the landing points to the CLSs of Rota and Conil, and, from there, to Seville and Jerez respectively
• In Tenerife, a dual route links the CLSs at Güimar and Granadilla and connects them to a metropolitan ring in Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
• In Gran Canaria, the landing points are connected to the CLSs of Tarahales (Gran Canaria-West) and el Goro (Gran Canaria-East). The terrestrial optical fiber network links them to las Palmas de Gran Canaria
• In the Island of La Palma, a terrestrial fiber pair connects the landing point to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

The CanaLink cable system was designed with an initial system capacity of 5.12 Tbps along the main segment from continental Spain (Rota) to Tenerife, ready for service in 2011 and supplied by Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks (ASN).

CanaLink Cable Route, Source: IslaLink

BT North Sea is a submarine cable system that comprises 2 individually distinct branches, North and South.

The North branch (Iceni) connects Eastern England (Winterton-on-Sea) to the Netherlands (Callantsoog). The Southern branch (Mercator) connect South Eastern England (Broadstairs - Joss Bay) to Belgium (Oostende).

The BT North Sea cable system will increase telecommunication reliability and diversity between the regions and increase data transmission capacity and speeds, helping to satisfy the growing demand for transmission capacity in Europe, The UK and the wider globe.

BT North Sea cable system is privately owned by BT, supplied by SubCom, to be ready for service in 2021.

Tangerine is a submarine telecommunications cable system across the English Channel linking the United Kingdom and Belgium.

The Tangerine cable lands at:

1. Dumpton Gap, Broadstairs, Kent, United Kingdom
2. Mariakerke near Ostend, West Flanders, Belgium

The Tangerine cable system consists of four fiber bundles, each of 48 fibers, for a total of 192 fibers (96 fiber pairs) and a total cable length of 121 km.

The Tangerine cable is privately owned by Level3 (now Lumen), supplied by ASN and ready for service September 2000.

Zeus is a new highly fortified, hybrid, ultra-low-loss (ULL) cable directly connecting the UK to continental Europe via access points in Lowestoft, UK and Zandvoort, Netherlands. 

Zeus subsea cable is engeered to be the most dense, deeply-buried and robust cable available in the North Sea, and the route includes terrestrial backhaul connectivity to London and Amsterdam. The Zeus cable is buried between 2 and 3 metres under the seabed in comparison with half a metre for other existing cables. 

Zeus is deploying with high-fiber-count cable, 100% double armoured cable and ULL fibre technology, with 192 fiber (96 fiber pairs). Its wavelength throughput on a single channel between London and Amsterdam can reach up to 600Gbps. To meet customers’ next-generation bandwidth needs, the network can handle 2,650 Tbps of C Band when at capacity.

Zeus is developed by Zayo, runs parallel but diverse to Zayo's existing Circe North subsea route.

Zues was launches for service on July 11, 2022.

Nibble is Telecom italia Sparkle's software-defined ultra-long-haul backbone connecting Sicily with the major Points of Presence and datacenters in Europe.

Telecom italia Sparkle announced to construct the Nibble network in June 2019.

Built on a 6,500 km photonic backbone, the Nibble network connects Sparkle's two major submarine cable landing stations in Sicily - Palermo and Catania - with Milan, Marseille, Frankfurt and Paris to the West and with Athens, Istanbul and Tel Aviv to the East.

Nibble has been extend by a further 6,300 km to northern Europe, interconnecting also London, Amsterdam and Brussels, thus reaching a total length of 12,800 km with a redundant network architecture for seamless connectivity from the Mediterranean basin to Europe.

Telecom italia Sparkle sets a renovated Network Operating Center (NOC) in Sicily Hub，which also serves as a 24-hour supervision center for Nibble.

By 2022, Sicily Hub will be also the landing point of BlueMed submarine cable system, the new multi-fiber submarine cable that will cross the Tyrrhenian Sea connecting Sicily with Genoa and Milan with up to 50% latency reduction compared to terrestrial cables. The BlueMed will form part of the Nibble network.

Nibble Network

Scylla Subsea Cable System is an unrepeatered subsea cable system linking London and Amsterdam, with a cable of 211km in length and 96 fiber pairs.

Scylla Subsea Cable System is the first subsea cable system between the UK and the Netherlands since 1999.

Scylla Subsea Cable System is privately owned and operated by euNetworks, ready for service on September 9, 2021.

Key features of the Scylla subsea cable system include:

• A low loss network that is entirely new fibre deployment.
• The terrestrial backhaul networks utilise new low-loss Corning SMF28 Ultra G657. A1 fibre cables and three entirely new amplification sites for the two cable landings and intermediate repeater in the UK.
• With existing sites and backhauls built over 20 years ago, these new facilities eliminate the unreliability of old infrastructure and provide scalable and power-efficient amplification housing, with significantly reduced long-run power demands.
• Scylla is a non-hybrid 96 pair double-armoured sea cable, solely using Corning’s SMF28 ULL (ultra low loss) G654.C pure silica fibre; giving all customers the benefit of future-proofed ultra-low attenuation on the 211km unrepeatered system.
• This low attenuation is critical to achieving lowest cost per bit, directly driving greater bandwidth per fixed-cost transponder.
• As well as ensuring deeper burial naturally, and laying the cable with precision and less impact on the seabed, euNetworks has buried Scylla up to 3 metres deep, offering better protection against strikes both today and in the future.

euNetworks launched Super Highway 1 linking Dublin and London to Lowestoft in November 2019. 

Scylla is the second Super Highway linking Lowestoft to IJmuiden and then onto Amsterdam. Combined with euNetworks’ existing metro networks in Dublin, Manchester, London and Amsterdam, the Scylla subsea cable system enables any data centre to any data centre connectivity between all these metros.

Super Highway 1 links Dublin via submarine cable to Southport, and then on to Manchester, London, and Lowestoft, directly connecting key data centres.

Key features of the Super Highway 1 includes：

• New fibre deployment
• 1000km high fibre count
• 340 new chambers, 239 new fibre joints, 2 new cable landing stations and 4 new PoP sites
• Optimised for lowest attenuation
• Subsea distance beach manhole to beach manhole of 221km
• Diverse from other live and planned systems
• Direct access to any Dublin and Manchester data centres
• Onward connection to Europe avoiding London

Super Highway 1 is privately owned and operated by euNetworks, ready for service in November 2019.

euNetworks also owns and operateds the Scylla Subsea Cable System linking London and Amsterdam.

The Havhingsten cable system is a 940km submarine cable system connecting the UK to the Nordics, with landings in Ireland, the Isle of Man, Blackpool and Newcastle in England, and Denmark.

The Havhingsten cable system is jointly owned, developed and operated by Aqua Comms, Bulk Fiber Networks and Meta (Facebook), supplied by Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN). 

Aqua Comms rebrands its ownership in the Havhingsten cable system as CeltixConnect-2 (CC-2) via the Irish Sea and North Sea Connect (NSC) connecting the UK and Denmark.

The Havhingsten cable system is the world’s first aluminum conductor powered subsea cable system. The removal of traditional copper raw material, and replacement with aluminum from the manufacturing process, benefits the overall system in efficiency and cost reduction, as copper is associated with variable availability and higher price. Additional benefits include improved resistance to hydrogen penetration, an element which is unfavorable to the operation of optical fiber in ocean waters. Furthermore, as a conductor, aluminum allows for a much lower cable voltage drop, which allows for a higher number of FPs per cable. That makes aluminum a solid option to increase the number of FPs per cable.

The Havhingsten cable system combines data transmission seamlessly across both an unrepeatered subsea segment in the Irish Sea, a terrestrial segment in the UK and a repeatered segment in the North Sea. Typical systems have one or two of these elements, but not all three. The system used an enhanced, jet-assisted burial plough in the North and Irish Sea segments, allowing installers to bury the cable to specific depths in very challenging seabed conditions.

The Havhingsten cable system was ready for service in March 2022.

 APOLLO-EAST and APOLLO-WEST are two optical fiber submarine cables connecting Pachi, Megara in the Attica region and Korakia, Herakleion in Crete, being domestic submarine cables linking the Crete Island with mainland Greece, each with a cable length of approximately 350km. 

APOLLO-EAST and APOLLO-WEST are built in parallel with the High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Electrical Interconnection of Crete with Attica.

APOLLO-EAST and APOLLO-WEST are owned and operated by Grid Telecom, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Independent Power Transmission Operator of Greece (IPTO).

APOLLO-EAST and APOLLO-WEST are designed, supplied and installed by Prysmian.

APOLLO-EAST and APOLLO-WEST are expected to be ready for service in Q2 2024.

In addition to APOLLO-EAST and APOLLO-WEST, Grid Telecom MINOAS-EAST and MINOAS-WEST connecting Crete with the Peloponnese region.

The Olisipo submarine cable system is an unrepeatered 110km domestic submarine cable connecting Sines to Lisbon in Portugal.

The Olisipo cable system is developled privately by EllaLink. 

EllaLink owns and operates the EllaLink cable connecting Europe to South America from Portugal to Brazil, offering the shortest latency route from Europe to South America. By creating the Sines to Lisbon domestic subsea cable system, EllaLink is reinforcing Portugal's interconnectivity ecosystem.

The Olisipo (Sines to Lisbon) submarine cable features:

• Direct DC to DC dark fibre connectivity with CLS pass through, and alternative on-demand PoPs; 
• Ultra-high capacity with 144 unrepeated fibre pairs with an optimised optical design, with an impressive total design capacity of 4.3 Petabits; 
• A buried subsea & land cable, providing a DC entry point diversity and HDD protection in Sines, with a robust & diverse route design; 
• Sustain Diversity, and; 
• Interconnectivity between the most relevant networks through the Equinix network
• Connecting major cable landing stations in Portugal, with trunk between Carcavelos CLS and Sines CLS, reserving branches to Seixal CLS and Sesimbra CLS

The Unitirreno cable has a total cable length of approximately 1,030 kilometers, with its main trunk connecting Mazara del Vallo to Genoa (890km) and a branch to Rome (140km).

The Unitirreno cable will be the first 24-fiber-pair Open Cable system in the Mediterranean Region delivering cutting-edge submarine technologies to support continuously increasing national and international bandwidth requirements.

The strategically planned Unitirreno submarine cable network will support Genoa development and deliver strategic landing points for intercontinental cables from Asia, the Middle East and Africa while providing a new route to major digital infrastructure hubs across Europe. To facilitate and enable OTTs, Carriers and Cable Consortiums to have a secure, low-latency alternative to Marseille as a cable landing hub in the Mediterranean. 

The Unitirreno cable project is developed by Italian Unidata, in a partnership with Pioneer Consulting for overall system consultancy and marine permit, and Ellettra (a subsidiary of Orange Marine) for marine deployment. The system is supplied by Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN).

The Unitirreno Open Cable System is based on 24 fiber pairs, end-2-end Mazara-Genoa Trunk Infrastructure, with:

• Design Capacity: 480Tbps (or 20 Tbps per fiber pair) on Mazara-Genoa Trunk, 320Tbps on Rome branch.
• Branching unit to new data center hub in Rome (under construction) to serve upcoming Unidata Data Center and Italian Domestic Network
• Stub to Sardinia and Palermo planned
• Terrestrial Backhauling Option in Sicily
• State-of-Art 24 Fiber Pairs Cost Efficient Technology
• Optical Level Switching Capabilities

The Medloop cable system is a submarine cable connecting Genoa, Marseille, Ajaccio and Barcelona.

The Medloop cable system is developed by Elettra Tlc S.p.A., a subsidiary of Orange Marine, and supplied by Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN), to be ready for service in 2023.

The Ligurian capital city Genoa has been rising to a regional connectivity hub, with multiple new subsea cables, including BlueMed (also being portion of Google's Blue Raman), 2Africa, Medloop, Unitirreno.

Piano Isole Minori (Minor Islands Plan) links 21 Italian islands with a total of 860 kilometres of subsea cables.

Piano Isole Minori (Minor Islands Plan) is the plan of the Ministry of Economic Development for the implementation of infrastructural interventions related to the development of ultra-broadband in the smaller islands of Italia, an important part of the overall 'Italy 2026 Strategy'.

The Piano Isole Minori represents an investment of 45.6 M€.

Elettra Tlc Spa, a susbsidary of Orange Marine, was selected by Infratel Italia for the supply and installation of optical submarine cable of the Piano Isole Minori project.

All cable spare parts to be used for the maintenance of these cable segments will be stored in Elettra’s Cable Depot of Catania, base port of the Elettra’s maintenance vessel C/S Antonio Meucci.

The Norfest cable is a fully buried, 749 km submarine cable system linking Norway and Sweden, with 9 landings on the coast of Norway and into Sweden, to create unique and reliable routes connecting the UK to Europe via the Nordics.

The Norfest cable system consists of 48 and 96 fiber-pairs.

The Norfest cable system is developed by Tampnet. Nexan was selected to manufacture and supply the cable, and Cecon Contracting AS for cable installation.   

The Norfest cable system is scheduled to be ready for service in Q3 2023.